Late nineteenth century scientists clearly understood that the nucleus and the electron each possessed very different properties.

They were not prepared however to commit to such a simple analysis as attraction and repulsion. By going with "positive or negative charge" without even knowing what the terms meant they deceived themselves. They relied on the results of chemical reactions and were able to show a consistent pattern However, they were not prepared to accept that repulsion was a property of electrons in spite of a number of experiments as noted previously that clearly showed the capacity of the electron to repulse.

The force of the repulsion is inversely proportional to the repulsion at source divided by the square of the distance between. Since the electrons will always be closer together than the nucleus there will be a net repulsion of atoms of gas and therein lies the reason for gas pressure and why a gas will always fill its container. No more atoms bouncing off walls!!

For a proper understanding we must consider all the interactions of the electron. Since all electrons impact on all other electrons any change in orbit will quickly be imparted to nearby electrons so that they will tend toward a synchronized phase and eccentricity of orbit.

The simple analysis of "attraction and repulsion" is essential to understanding magnetism. At one end of a magnet we have attraction, turn it around and we have repulsion. Cut it into smaller and smaller pieces and you have the same properties. At some point the attraction and repulsion must come together. The concept of a lot of small magnets is simplistic and not suitable for a scientific brain

The whole concept must be challenged. Is it attraction or repulsion or neither. Fortunately we have analyzed the structure of the material and the components are no different than non magnetic material. Since the components are similar the result must be related to movement, a dynamic force related to the changing distance between the rotating electrons, the repulsion equivalent of the acceleration due to gravity, and therein lies the answer. The magnet- a crystalline material has had its atoms arranged so that a predominance of electrons are rotating in the same direction on the same plane. They co-exist with no impact

When a second magnet approaches with the electrons rotating on the same plain in the opposite direction - south to south or north to north there is very near head on conflict of the electrons, the electrons are repulsed and the magnets in which they reside are repelled. When a north / south approach is made there is no repulsion. The so called lines of force that seem to develop when a soft magnetic material is placed between poles is nothing more than an extension of the orientation of the electrons to the additional medium

The static repulsion noted in gas pressure and the dynamic repulsion seen in a magnet leads to some new questions.

The nucleus of an atom provides the stable anchor for the rotation of the electron. That rotation will result in the electron for part of the rotation to be accelerating toward a target and for part to be accelerating away from the target. That motion is transmitted to surrounding electrons as radiant energy to synchronize the orbits of the surrounding electrons. The effect gives the appearance of a wave. There is a slight difference, however, since the repulsion of the electron extends into space there is no need of a medium normally required for the movement of a wave.

It might be useful to take a moment to develop a clear understanding of waves. A wave is not some mysterious object traveling along. It is a movement of a medium created by a push or repulsion at regular intervals. It is easy to create and understand a wave in water caused by a paddle push. The same is required for radiant energy. A push is required. Electrons provide the push in all forms of electro radiation whether it be heat or radio transmission. Long wave radio transmission is easiest to understand. An enormous voltage is applied to a quite large antenna to force a large number of electrons to flow into and out of the antenna at a relatively low frequency. The electrons pushed to the surface of the antenna repulse surrounding electrons at the same frequency to appear as a wave. A capacitor is a compact version of the same effect where electrons are pushed into an antenna to push electrons from a nearby target without making contact. Home Page.